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2018-03-18T16:32:27Z

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Littleduckie: /* Correspondence with Ḫattušili III */ Corrected "betroval" to "betrothal"

2017-06-06T23:29:08Z

‎Correspondence with Ḫattušili III: Corrected "betroval" to "betrothal"

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{{Infobox monarch
| name = Kadašman-Enlil II
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image = KBo 1 10.jpg
| caption = KBo I 10 original publication of letter from Ḫattušili III to Kadašman-Enlil II.<ref group=i name=KboI10>''Letter from Ḫattušili III to Kadašman-Enlil II'', Bo 1802, published as KBo 1:10 and KUB 3.72 (another fragment).</ref>
| reign = 2015-2016 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Kadashman-Turgu|Kadašman-Turgu]]
| successor = [[Kudur-Enlil]]
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Kassites|Kassite]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Kadašman-Enlil II''', typically rendered d''ka-dáš-man-''dEN.LÍL<ref group=nb>The replacement of the masculine determinative m by the divine one d is a distinction of Kassite monarchs after Nazi-Maruttaš.</ref> in contemporary inscriptions, meaning “he believes in [[Enlil]]” (1263-1255 BC [[Short chronology timeline|short chronology]]) was the 25th king<ref group=i>Kinglist A, BM 33332, ii 4, for position although the name is mostly broken away.</ref> of the [[Kassites|Kassite]] or 3rd dynasty of [[Babylon]].

He succeeded [[Kadashman-Turgu|Kadašman-Turgu]] as a child and political power was exercised at first by an influential vizier, Itti-Marduk-balatu, “whom the gods have caused to live far too long and whose mouth unfavourable words never cease”, according to [[Hattusili III|Ḫattušili III]].<ref group=i name=KboI10/> The vizier seems to have adopted in a sharply antagonistic position towards the [[Hittites]], favoring the appeasement of their belligerent [[Assyria]]n northerly neighbor.<ref name=hittite>{{ cite book | title = The Kingdom of the Hittites | author = Trevor Bryce | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | pages = 266–267 }}</ref>

==Correspondence with Ḫattušili III==

In the first place the Hittite king, Ḫattušili III, wrote to Itti-Marduk-balatu (“With-Marduk-[there is]-Life”)<ref>{{ cite book | title = A political history of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 B.C. | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Analecta Orientalia | year = 1968 | page = 94 }} footnote 490.</ref> to reestablish relations with Kadašman-Turgu’s successor, because “my brother (Kadašman-Enlil) was a child in those days, and they did not read out the [[clay tablet|tablet]]s in your presence.”<ref name=hittite/> Itti-Marduk-balatu seems to have adopted the part of viceroy and, on one hand, Ḫattušili tried to renew the alliance entered into by the late king and, on the other, warn him – “If you do not protect my brother’s progeny in the kingship, I shall become your enemy.”<ref name=bryce>{{ cite book | title = Letters of the great kings of the ancient Near East: the royal | author = Trevor Bryce | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | pages = 63, 71, 118–9 }}</ref> This drew an angry response from the vizier, who accused Ḫattušili of treating them like vassals.

Kadašman-Enlil had allowed his diplomatic missions with the Hittite court to lapse, prompting an anxious Ḫattušili to ask why. “Since the Ahlamu are hostile I have stopped sending my messengers. The King of Assyria prevents my messenger from crossing his territory” – were his feeble responses, and this drew the curt reply: “Only when two kings are at enmity do their messengers cease regular travel between them”.<ref name = bryce/> However, when Kadašman-Enlil complained to Ḫattušili that his traders were being killed in Amurru and Ugarit, he refuted that any such thing could happen in Hittite territory.<ref name=cah>{{ cite book | title = The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume II, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, 1380–1000 BC | chapter = XXV: Assyrian Military Power, 1300–1200 BC | author = [[Margaret Munn-Rankin|J. M. Munn-Rankin]] |editor1=I. E. S. Edwards |editor2=C. J. Gadd |editor3=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4=S. Solberger | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1975 | pages = 282–284 }}</ref> Kadašman Enlil’s envoy, Adad-šar-ilani, had witnessed Bentešina of Amurru’s sworn rebuttal that he had cursed Babylonia, helping to diffuse an international crisis.<ref name=hoffner>{{ cite book | title = Letters from the Hittite Kingdom | author = Harry A. Hoffner, Jr. | publisher = Society of Biblical Literature | date = July 5, 2009 | pages = 15, 17 }}</ref>

Complimenting him on his hunting prowess, Ḫattušili observed, “I have heard that my brother has become a grown man and regularly goes out to hunt,” before goading him to make war on a weaker neighbor, presumably Assyria.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Hittite Diplomatic Texts | author = Gary M. Beckman | publisher = Scholars Press | year = 1999 | pages = 138–143 }} for a translation of KBo 1.10 + KUB 3.72.</ref> “Do not keep sitting around, my brother, but go against an enemy land and defeat the enemy! [Against which land] should [my brother] go out? Go against a land over which you enjoy three – or fourfold numerical superiority.”<ref>{{ cite book | title = Epic and History in Hittite Anatolia |author1=David Konstan |author2=Kurt A. Raaflaub | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2009 | page = 61 }}</ref> The exact same advice was given to [[Bābu-aḫa-iddina]], an important Assyrian official, for a young [[Tukulti-Ninurta I]] on his accession to the throne of Assyria, very possibly by Ḫattušili or his son [[Tudhaliya IV]]. A diplomatic marriage may have been in the offing with Ḫattušili’s wife [[Puduhepa]] matchmaking Kadašman Enlil’s betrothal to one of her daughters, if the assignment of the recipients and sequence of related letters is correct, but alas it was not to come to pass as he died young.<ref group=i>Tablets KUB 21:38 to Kudur-Enlil and KUB 26.88 to Kadašman-Enlil or Kadašman-Turgu.</ref>

==Diplomacy with Egypt==

Relations with Egypt were restored and possibly cemented with a diplomatic marriage of a “daughter of Babylon who had been given to Egypt”,<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom | author = Alan R. Schulman | journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | date = July 1979 | publisher = the University of Chicago Press | page = 187 | doi=10.1086/372739}}</ref> who must surely have been Kadašman-Enlil’s sister.

==More horses than straw==

In his correspondence with Kadašman-Enlil, Ḫattušili had observed that “in my brother’s country, the horses are more plentiful than straw,”<ref name=hoffner/> echoing the earlier sentiment of a letter from the [[Amarna letters|Amarna]] corpus that stated, ‘’gold is like dust in the land of my brother,” rejoined by ‘’there are more horses than straw in the land of my Kassite brother.”<ref>{{ cite book | title = Egypt and the Egyptians |author1=Douglas J. Brewer |author2=Emily Teeter | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999 | page = 43 }}</ref>

However, Babylon was the source of more than equine commodities. It also provided high-in-demand physicians and other skilled artisans, such as sculptors, conjurers, and incantation priests.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Diplomacy by design: luxury arts and an "international style" in the ancient Near East, 1400–1200 BC | author = Marian H. Feldman | publisher = University of Chicago Press| year = 2006 | page = 126 }}</ref> Kadašman-Enlil had complained about the failure to return loaned doctors. Ḫattušili had concurred: "Detaining a doctor is not right!" But one named [[Rabâ-ša-Marduk]] had been enticed to stay, with provision of a “fine house” and a royal marriage. Another had the misfortune to have died, which failed to shame the unabashed Ḫattušili from requesting the services of a sculptor.<ref name=bryce/>

Kadashman-Enlil II's reign was fairly short, up to nine years attested on the date formulae of more than forty [[text corpus|economic text]]s.<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | pages = 136–139 }}</ref>

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==Notes==

<references group="nb"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]

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Kadashman-Enlil II - Revision history

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Littleduckie: /* Correspondence with Ḫattušili III */ Corrected "betroval" to "betrothal"