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2018-03-18T16:34:00Z

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JustBerry: Cleaning up..., typo(s) fixed: law suit → lawsuit, 13 year → 13-year, dark ages → Dark Ages using AWB

2017-01-22T01:14:54Z

Cleaning up..., typo(s) fixed: law suit → lawsuit, 13 year → 13-year, dark ages → Dark Ages using AWB

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{{Infobox monarch
| name = Marduk-apla-iddina I
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image= Kudurru Louvre Sb31.jpg
| caption = Kudurru<ref group=i>Kudurru of Gula, Sb 31, published as MDP X 95.</ref> of Marduk-apla-iddina I
| reign = ca. 1171–1159 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Meli-Shipak II|Meli-Šipak II]]
| successor = [[Zababa-shuma-iddin|Zababa-šuma-iddina]]
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Kassites|Kassite]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Marduk-apla-iddina I''', contemporarily written in [[cuneiform]] as dAMAR.UTU-IBILA-SUM-''na'' and meaning in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: "[[Marduk]] has given an heir",<ref>{{ cite book | title = An Akkadian Handbook | author = Douglas B. Miller, R. Mark Shipp | publisher = Eisenbrauns | year = 1996 | page = 58 }}</ref> was the 34th [[Kassites|Kassite]] king of [[Babylon]] ca. 1171–1159 BC ([[short chronology]]). He was the son and successor of [[Meli-Shipak II|Melišipak]], from whom he had previously [[Land grant to Marduk-apla-iddina I by Meli-Shipak II|received lands]], as recorded on a [[kudurru]],<ref group=i>Land grant to Marduk-apla-iddina kudurru Sb 22, excavated at Susa and currently in the Louvre.</ref> and he reigned for 13 years,<ref group=i>''Kinglist A'', BM 33332, ii 13.</ref> during a time when the Dark Ages cast a heavy cloud over the contemporary events.

==Biography==

He claimed, like his father, descent from Kurigalzu and evidently kept court in [[Dur-Kurigalzu|Dūr-Kurigalzu]] itself because tablets found in the burnt ruins of the Tell-el-Abyad quarter which marked the later [[Elam]]ite destruction of the city, are dated in the first two years of his reign. These include lists of garments received or distributed for the New Year, or [[akitu]], festival and indicate a normal economic relationship with Babylonia's western and eastern neighbors, the Subarians and Elamites respectively, whose singers apparently entertained the royal household.<ref name=edwards>{{ cite book | title = Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380-1000 BC | chapter = XXXI: Assyria and Babylonia, 1200-1000 B.C. | author = D. J. Wiseman | editor = I. E. S. Edwards | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1975 | page = 445 }}</ref> Documents surviving from his reign date only as late as his sixth year<ref group=i>Namely, tablet IM 50025.</ref> and include his repair of the E-zida temple at [[Borsippa]],<ref group=i>VS 1, 34, VAT 4131.</ref> where he credited the god [[Enlil]] with raising him to kingship despite recording this in an inscription wholly dedicated to Marduk.<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials and Studies for Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I) | chapter = Marduk-apla-iddina I | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | pages = 247–252 }}</ref>

There is evidence of thriving commerce in woolen garments with Assyrian traders,<ref group=i>IM 49992.</ref> and numerous royal land grants in northern and especially northeastern Babylonia.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Reallexikon Der Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Libanukasabas - Medizin | volume = 7 | author = J. A. Brinkman | editor = Dietz Otto Edzard | publisher = Walter De Gruyter | year = 1999 | page = 374 }}</ref> The ''[[Chronicle of the Market Prices]]''<ref group=i>''Chronicle of Market Prices'' (ABC 23), BM 48498, lines 10 and 11.</ref> references his 21st year, but neither king with this name ruled longer than 13 years. Like his two predecessors, some of the economic texts show a curious double-dating formula which has yet to be satisfactorily explained. The ''Synchronistic King List''<ref group=i>''Synchronistic King List'' ii 9.</ref> gives his [[Assyria]]n contemporary as [[Ninurta-apal-Ekur]], which is unlikely as he is also shown against the earlier two Kassite kings, despite his short reign.

===Kudurrus===
[[File:Marduk-nadin-apli.jpg|thumb|240px|Detail from a kudurru of Marduk-apla-iddina I.<ref group=i name=marduk>Land grant to Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru, BM 90850, published as BBSt 5.</ref>]]
Several inscribed [[kudurru]]s, or boundary stones, survive which document large donations of land and tax exemptions during his reign. Marduk-zākir-šumi, the bēl pīḫati, or provincial governor, was the beneficiary of a piece of land as a perquisite from the king. He was son of Nabû-nadin-aḫe, grandson of Rimeni-Marduk, great grandson of [[Uballissu-Marduk]], who had been ''šatammu'', or an official under [[Kurigalzu II]]’s regime and descendant of Arad-Ea, um-mi-a-niğ2-kas7, scholar of accounting. His responsibilities included inspector of temple and land and controller of [[corvee|forced labor]].<ref group=i name=marduk/> One of the witnesses was Nabû-šakin-šumi, also described as “son of” Arad-Ea. Another stele records that Ina-Esağila-zēra-ibni, “son of” Arad-Ea, measured a field, after replacing the previous land surveyor.

The symbol of the stylus, representing the god of writing and wisdom, Nabû, makes its first appearance on one of his kudurrus.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban | author = Tallay Ornan | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | year = 2005 | page = 47 }}</ref> A kudurru comes with an unusual trinity of gods in its invocation of a divine curse,<ref group=nb>dAG dNa-na-a ù dTaš-me-tum bēlē šipṭi u purussê ana lemutti lisḫurūš ana la ṭābti [liš]te'uš.</ref> “May Nabû, Nanaya and Tašmētum, lords of the decrees and decisions, surround him with evil and search him out for misfortune.”<ref>{{ cite book | title = Sumerian gods and their representations | author = Irving L. Finkel, Markham J. Geller | publisher = STYX Publications | year = 1997 | page = 71 }}</ref>

The continuity of the reign with those earlier in the dynasty is evident in a kudurru providing confirmation of an earlier land grant by [[Adad-shuma-usur|Adad-šuma-uṣur]]<ref group=i name=adad>Adad-bēl-kala kudurru AS 6035 (Sb 169) published as MDP VI 42.</ref> and a copy of a kudurru<ref group=i name=maruttash>Kudurru of Nazi-Maruttaš, Sb 21, published as MDP II 86.</ref> from the reign of [[Nazi-Maruttash|Nazi-Maruttaš]], the original of which was destroyed when a wall collapsed on it. Kudurrus were also used to record legal settlements, and two examples include a lawsuit<ref group=i name=munnabittu>Land grant to Munnabittu kudurru, Sb 26, published as MDP VI 31.</ref> concerning land in Ḫudadu (Baghdad?) province, on the Elamite border east of the Tigris from his accession year, and one<ref group=i name=susa>Kudurru of Marduk-apla-iddina, Sb 33 (AS 6018), published as MDP 6 39.</ref> recording legal actions over a field.<ref name=brinkman/>

===List of kudurrus dated to this reign===

Around eighteen kudurrus could be assigned to his reign based upon the art-history of their iconography.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Die Babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs: Symbole Mesopotamischer Gottheiten | author = Ursula Seidl | publisher = Academic Press Fribourg | year = 1989 | pages = 33–40, 222 }}</ref> The following lists those which actually identify him as the monarch in their texts.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Babylonian Entitlement narûs (kudurrus): A study in their form and function | author = Kathryn E. Slanksi | publisher = ASOR | year = 2003 | page = 296 }}</ref>

* [[Land grant to Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru]], the bēl pīḫati<ref group=i name=marduk/>
* [[Land grant to Munnabittu kudurru]]<ref group=i name=munnabittu/>
* Uzbi-Enlil kudurru<ref group=i>Uzbi-Enlil kudurru, IM 67953, published as Sumer 23 (1967) 45–67, pl. 1–6.</ref>
* Broken kudurru of Marduk-apla-iddina<ref group=i name=susa/>
* Adad-bēl-kala kudurru confirming a gift by the earlier king Adad-šuma-uṣur<ref group=i name=adad/>
* Fragmentary kudurru of Marduk-apla-iddina<ref group=i>Kudurru of Marduk-apla-iddina, NBC 9502, partially published as Hallo & Simpson (1988) 100, fig. 21.</ref>
* The Tehran kudurru<ref group=i>Tehran kudurru, published as Borger AfO 23 (1970) 1–11.</ref>
Also dated to his reign is the stone copy of the [[Nazimaruttaš kudurru stone]]<ref group=i name=maruttash/>

===End of his reign===

The events at the end of his reign are uncertain, but it is clear from later sources that it ended dramatically, when Elamite troops led by [[Shutruk-Nahhunte]], who had married a sister of Marduk-apla-iddina, invaded Babylonia and sacked several cities, including the capital. Whether these events were the cause of his demise, or whether they followed a succession crisis in which [[Zababa-shuma-iddin|Zababa-šuma-iddina]], an individual whose relationship with Marduk-apla-iddina is unknown, attempted to succeed him to the kingship, has yet to be determined.

The ''Prophecy A''<ref group=i>''Prophecy A'', tablet VAT 10179, KAR 421.</ref> text may portray him in the figure of the 4th king, whose 13-year reign ends with an Elamite attack on Akkad, the booty of Akkad taken away, confusion, social disorder, usurpation and famine, events which seem to mirror much of what is known about this period.<ref name=longman>{{ cite book | title = Fictional Akkadian autobiography: a generic and comparative study | author = Tremper Longman | publisher = Eisenbrauns | date = July 1, 1990 | page = 161 }}</ref>

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==Notes==

<references group="nb"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marduk-apal-iddina I}}
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]
[[Category:12th-century BC rulers]]

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Marduk-apla-iddina I - Revision history

Test123: 1 revision imported

JustBerry: Cleaning up..., typo(s) fixed: law suit → lawsuit, 13 year → 13-year, dark ages → Dark Ages using AWB